Swarm Intelligence Concepts, Models, and Applications

Swarm Intelligence: Concepts, Models and Applications Technical Report 2012-585 Hazem Ahmed Janice Glasgow School of Computing Queen s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L3N6 {hazem, janice}@cs.queensu.ca February 2012 Report Index 1. 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 Swarm Intelligence (SI) Models ......................................................................................... 4 2.1 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Model ........................................................................ 4 2.1.1 Ants in†¦show more content†¦39 1 1. Introduction A swarm is a large number of homogenous, simple agents interacting locally among themselves, and their environment, with no central control to allow a global interesting behaviour to emerge. Swarm-based algorithms have recently emerged as a family of nature-inspired, population-based algorithms that are capable of producing low cost, fast, and robust solutions to several complex problems ‎ 1]‎ 2]. Swarm Intelligence [ [ (SI) can therefore be defined as a relatively new branch of Artificial Intelligence that is used to model the collective behaviour of social swarms in nature, such as ant colonies, honey bees, and bird flocks. Although these agents (insects or swarm individuals) are relatively unsophisticated with limited capabilities on their own, they are interacting together with certain behavioural patterns to cooperatively achieve tasks necessary for their survival. The social interactions among swarm individuals can be either direct or indirect ‎ 3]. Examples o f direct interaction are through visual or audio contact, such as [ the waggle dance of honey bees. Indirect interaction occurs when one individual changes the environment and the other individuals respond to the new environment, such as the pheromone trails of ants that they deposit on their way to search for food sources. This indirect type ofShow MoreRelatedEssay On A Wsn-Driven Service Discovery Techniques995 Words   |  4 Pagesthe more suitable of these resources for the issue under the process. The presented technique which is adopted for the purpose of searching and allocating the best available rescue resource for the encountered status is based on service discovery concepts. The simulation experiments reveal that the proposed technique performs well under different operating conditions. 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Rhetorical Analysis Of The Law Of Moses - 1745 Words

Exodus is often looked at as being a book about how all the complaining and grumbling that the Israelites did after God rescued them for the hands of Egypt, while punishing the Pharaoh and the Egyptians for their worshiping of other gods. God laid out the Ten Commandments to guide His holy people. While the heart of men was still full of sin God gave His people the Law of Moses to guide them and to help set up their civil courts. The Law of Moses are boundaries set by God to keep His people faithful to Him. Reading biblical law integrates three research groups, law, jurisprudence, and literary theory. While giving a new method of interpretation. It focuses on the character and events and how they are described. While rhetorical elements serve to expound on the content, the communication process through the writer to give the law to the audience. Casuistic law, consists of the state of affairs with a prescribed legal consequence that presents a social problem. There is a consent dial ogue between the writer and the audience of the law. Going further than changing people’s actions to influencing the consciousness, and changing behavior (Bartor,2012). The emphasis will be on Exodus 23:1-3, and how the Law is interpreted, while discussing if a later editor added this section of Exodus. Exodus 23:1-3 states, â€Å"You must not spread a false report. Do not join the wicked to be a malicious witness. You must not follow a crowd in wrongdoing. Do not testify in a lawsuit and go alongShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Nonviolent Resistance839 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of â€Å"Nonviolent Resistance† The â€Å"Nonviolent Resistance† written by Martin Luther King Jr. shows the three ways people use to deal with oppression. The first one is acquiescence, which merely increases the oppressor’s contempt. The second way is violence, which merely creates new and more problems. 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Managing Your Time †The Essential Guide Free Essays

Successful students know that University isn’t just about knowing how to write an essay or pass an exam – but balancing your academic work life – lectures and seminars, presentations and research, coursework and revision – with part-time jobs, your fitness, friends and family (oh and occasionally some fun). So how do these top students stay on top of some many things competing for their timeWell there are a few simple techniques they use, and today we show you how: Get time under control To manage your time successfully, you need to get informed about: What you have to do (e.g. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Your Time – The Essential Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now assignments, seminar reading, paid work) When they have to be done (e.g. deadlines, lecture seminar times) How to fit them into the time you have (dividing up available time) Remember much of the information you need will also be accessible online, on Blackboard or via your Dept’s website. If you can’t find information about deadlines, referencing etc, ask your tutor or your dept secretaries. Don’t guess – guessing wrong could cost you marks. Plan to meet your deadlines If you only had one academic assignment to complete in a term, planning to meet your deadline would be relatively easy! The key to meeting all your deadlines is to keep yourself informed about what, how and when you have to do things, and to have systems to keep everything under control. These need to be simple so that you’ll actually use them. The simplest system is to make an A4 plan to pin up somewhere you will constantly see it. Start by entering deadlines for your assignments so you can see when your busy times will be. include seminars and presentations you need to prepare for. In the ‘Remember’ column, add any events which you need to take into account when planning, e.g. family birthdays, social events, Hall formals, sports fixtures etc. Decide on the major tasks you need to complete for each of your deadlines, and roughly how long you need to spend on each. Fit them into the ‘Targets’ column, working back from the deadline. To help you work out the tasks you need to do, and how much time you can allow for each, try this interactive assignment planning tool from the University of Kent – ASK. There are many electronic tools you can use to help you plan your time: Yourmobile phone will usually have a calendar function, you can use it to store memos (even record short voice messages to yourself) and to set up reminders with alarms for tasks and lecture times. Anonline web-based calendar like Google Calendar can be accessed at any computer, or via a smartphone. Or if you have your own laptop, use something like Microsoft Outlook. iPhonesand iPads have their own built-in calendars. Even simple tools like the alarm function onyour watch can be set to remind you about meetings and events. There are also an ever-growing number of online tools and apps that can help you to plan and use your time more efficiently. Remember the Milk is an online task manager – you can get the basic version for free. It also comes as an app for smartphones, and for iPads. Another excellent online organiser that can also be downloaded as an app is Evernote. This allows you to collate notes that you make anywhere, at any time and in a variety of ways. If you use it to capture a quote from a text, don’t forget to add the bibliographic details for your referencing. To keep on top of your Library activity, download a free app called BookMyne. You can use this to search the Library catalogue, place a hold or renew your loans – you can even set it up to tell you when your books are due back. The simplest way to get a clear visual overview of the time you have and the tasks you need to fit into it is to have something like a wall planner that you can fix up somewhere you will see it every day (e.g. above your desk). Making a study timetable One of the biggest time wasters is when you spend time trying to decide whether to study now or later. If you schedule your study times in advance, you won’t be wasting time each day deciding whether and when to study. Book study times into your timetable with lectures and seminars, as academic commitments. Make a week plan with columns for each day of the week, and rows for ‘Morning’, ‘Afternoon’ and ‘Evening’. You can download a Word template for a week plan here. Enter lectures, seminars and other fixed academic commitments. Add regular commitments like paid work, club meetings, sports fixtures and training. Mark up times which you are going to commit to as study sessions. A good target to aim at is five two hour sessions a week. Plan to be flexible – if something else comes up, you can trade a study session with a free session. You will probably have busy weeks when you need to add more sessions, and quiet weeks when you can claim time back. Choose your best times to study – most people have a time of day when they are more focused (often in the mornings), and a time when they find it hard to concentrate (often after lunch). Trying to process or write a complicated text when your brain isn’t working well is a waste of time, and can be depressing and discouraging. Work out your best thinking times, and use them for tasks that need more concentration. â€Å"Timetables don’t work for me†. You may find it works better for you if you keep an overall tally of the hours you spend studying in a week. add more study times, or give yourself more free time as necessary. Getting organised and informed If you’ve taken the trouble to plan your time, you won’t want to waste it because you can’t find the things or information you need. Have a simple filing system – if it’s complicated, you won’t use it. One way is to use a box file for each module to keep lecture notes, handouts, notes from reading, photocopies, even small books. Stick lecture/seminar times, rooms, and deadlines inside the lid. Social bookmarking can help you keep track of the hundreds of useful websites you’ll come across so you can find them quickly when you need them – you may not need help with finance or a guide to referencing now, but when you do you’ll be pleased you know how to find it. Social bookmarking allows you to save useful website addresses on a web server so that you can access them from any computer, to add new ones when you find them, or go to sites you’ve already marked. This is better than saving them to My Favourites as that only saves them onto the computer you are using at the time. You can usually organise your bookmarks into categories (e.g. general University websites, course-related websites, websites for your own interests) and you can share them with others, for instance if you were working on a group project. There are various social bookmarking sites that you can sign up to for free. Two of the most popular ones are Delicious and Stumbleupon. Decide on your spaces for study just as you decided on times for study. Find a place that works well for you. If you can, keep it as a space just for studying, so you can have all the necessary things close at hand. If it’s somewhere where other people might interrupt, it helps to have a way to let them know that you are working now but will be free later. Finally – remember that things usually take longer than you think! If you find you don’t need all the time you’ve allotted, it’s extra free time. How to cite Managing Your Time – The Essential Guide, Essay examples

Veneration with or without understanding free essay sample

One of the most debatable issues of today is Dr. Jose Rizal’s legitimacy as the Philippines’ National Hero. Renato Constantino pointed out facts contradicting Rizal’s appointment in his article Veneration without Understanding. The main argument being that since Rizal did not lead the 1986 revolution, he is not worthy enough to be the national hero. Constantino pointed out that almost all national hero of the world are revolutionary heroes and if you did not lead a revolution, your chances of becoming as the national hero is very little. While it is true that Rizal did not want a revolution as proven when he said â€Å"I cannot do less than condemn this uprising†¦ which dishonours us Filipinos, and discredits those that could plead our cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he did have countless achievements of his own that rightly qualifies him as the national hero. Armando Malay refuted Constantino’s claims in his article Veneration with Understanding where he said, â€Å"A man becomes a hero, or a national hero, not because he leads a revolution – but because he is admired for his achievements and noble qualities, and considered a model or ideal. Rizal was a novelist, poet, ophthalmologist, journalist and sculptor, among any others. He has had far too many achievements that the Filipino people greatly admired him for, to the point that the need to put him into a higher regard arose. His myriad achievements standing out among others made him into what an admirable icon he is today. Constantino limited the criteria of becoming the national hero to just being a revolutionary one. It is true that Rizal did not want any part in the revolution because he wanted a less harmful way in gaining Philippine Independence. Moreover, to rule him out of the national hero position due to this reason is unacceptable. The American-made One of Constantino’s main points in his article is the fact that Rizal is an American-sponsored National Hero. In Theodore Friend’s book Between Two Empires, Taft â€Å"chose Rizal over the too militant Aguinaldo, too radical Bonifacio and unregenerate Mabini†. The Americans easily accepted Rizal’s proclamation, as they knew he could not oppress the American government that time. And upon his dramatic exile and martyrdom, he instantly became the symbol of the Spanish oppression. In return, the focus on him being the national hero would also divert the American oppression to the Spanish oppression, which he symbolizes. In Malay’s defense, though, the Philippine revolutionary government already honored Rizal when Aguinaldo declared the day of his death as a day of mourning. In addition, Rizal was the honorary president of the Katipunan wherein he is already regarded as a hero. Prior to Rizal’s proclamation, Filipinos already had a high regard for him even if he was not part of the revolution. The Elitist Rizal was a part of the Ilustrados or the enlightened ones. He was part of the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period. Constantino cited that Rizal, as an Ilustrado, condemned the Revolution because he underestimated the power of the people. Constantino also pointed out that Rizal’s idea of liberty was demanding the right of freedom not because it is a national right but because it is something deserved by the Filipinos. It is wrong for Constantino to assume that Rizal, being one of the elites, had a sub-conscious disrespect for the Filipinos’ ability to enunciate their own demands. In a way, Rizal helped in bridging the gap between the educated and the non-educated ones. In his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Rizal exposed the injustices of the Spanish catholic priests and the government. The effect of his writings is still evident until today as the Filipinos strived hard to gain the independence they are experiencing at the present. Another of Constantino’s points is that Rizal â€Å"chose Spain as the arena of their struggle instead of working among their own people, educating them, helping them realize their own condition, and in articulating their own aspirations. † This is another one of Constantino’s unjust criterion in being a national hero. National heroes need not to work among his own people in order for him to be referred as one. As Malay had rebutted this out, â€Å"There is a difference between the main characters in a novel and those whom the author would set up as a model for emulation. The heroes in Rizal’s novels were not Ibarra, Maria Clara or Fray Damaso and Fray Salvi. In contradistinction, Rizal gave us Elias, a man of the masses; Father Florentino, a Filipino priest; Juli and Sisa, and many other, who all sprang from the masses. † Rizal may have brought up in a better community where he was fortunate enough to receive the right to education, but he is still part of the masses. He did so by addressing the concerns of the Filipinos the best way he know how and that is through his writing. The Ilustrados certainly did not worked in Spain to isolate themselves from the masses of the country, but they did so to get ideas for reforms firsthand. It is true that the Filipinos were poorly represented out during the National Hero selection, but Rizal is still as qualified, if not more, as the other candidates. If Rizal were alive today, though, it would not be so much of an issue to him whether he is the national hero or not. After all, the Filipinos already gained the Independence they once all longed for.